FISH CULTURE tilapia ( Tilapia mossambica )

1 . A BRIEF HISTORY 

Tilapia fish is a species of freshwater fish consumption , body shape with a flat gray , brown or black . This fish comes from the waters of Africa and was first discovered by the father in Indonesia Mujair in south coast estuaries Serang Blitar in East Java in 1939 . tilapia fish has a large tolerance to salinity / salinit aces. This type of fish has the speed of growth relatively quickly , but after today the acceleration of growth will decline. Maximum total length that can be achieved tilapia fish is 40 cm .

2 . FISHERIES CENTER 

fisheries centers have areas of West Java , Central Java , Sumatra , Kalimantan .  

3 . TYPE 

tilapia fish classification is as follows : Class : Pisces Sub classes: Teleostei Order: Percomorphi Sub - order : Percoidea Family: Cichlidae Genus : Oreochromis Species : Oreochromis mossambicus The tilapia fish species are known , among others : usually tilapia , red tilapia ( mujarah ) or albino jamerah and tilapia . 

4 . BENEFITS 

As a source of animal protein supply .

5 . LOCATION REQUIREMENT 

1 . Good ground for the pond maintenance is the type of clay / clay , does not pivot . these soil types can hold large water mass and does not leak so it can be made bund / walls of the pool. 2 . The slope of the land is good for making the pond ranged from 3-5 % to facilitate the irrigation pond by gravity . 3 . tilapia fish can grow to normal, if the location of maintenance is at an altitude between 150-1000 m above sea level . 4 . maintenance of water quality for tilapia fish must be clean , not too muddy and not contaminated with toxic chemicals , and oil / industrial waste . 5 . tilapia fish can thrive in ponds , rice fields , kakaban , and river water pumping. Swimming with the flow of irrigation systems is very good for growth and physical development of tilapia fish . Discharge of water to calm water swimming 8-15 liters / sec / ha , while for enlarging the pool of water rushing debit 100 liters / min / m 3 . 6 . water acidity ( pH ), which both are between 7-8 . 7 . A good water temperature ranges from 20-25 degrees C.

6 . TECHNICAL GUIDELINES CULTIVATION  

1 . Preparation Facility and Equipment  

1 . Pool Facilities such as swimming that need to be provided in tilapia fish farming depends on the maintenance system ( system of a pond , two swimming etc ) . The most common type of pond used in fish farming tilapia , among others : 1 . Pool maintenance of the parent / pond spawning This pool serves as a spawning pool , swimming pool should be the extent of soil and density of 50-100 square meter pond is only two birds / m². The terms of spawning pond is the water temperature ranges between 20-22 degrees C ; depth of 40-60 cm of water , the pond should be sandy. 2 . Pool maintenance of seed / pond Size pond no more than 50-100 square meters. pool water depths between 30-50 cm . Density should be 50-50 deer / square meter. maintenance in the long pond / seedling between 3-4 weeks , when the fish are 3-5 cm in size . 3 . Swimming enlargement rearing pond serves as a place to nurture and raise the seed after the pond . Sometimes this is necessary in the maintenance of some pond enlargement , namely : a.Kolam enlargement serves to maintain the first phase after the fish fry from the pond . This pool should amount to between 2-4 pieces with a maximum area of 250-500 square feet / swimming . Enlargement phase I is not advisable to use cement ponds , because the seeds of this size requires a large space . After the seed into small logs , the seed enters a second phase of enlargement or inflammation directly sold to farmers. b.Kolam enlargement phase II is to maintain a large seed logs . Swimming pools can be either land or paddy fields. floating cages can also be used with mesh eye 1.25 to 1.5 cm . Total spreading enlargement phase II should be no more than 10 animals per square meter. c.Pembesaran phase III serves to raise the seed . Required between 80-100 cm soil pool with an area of 500-2000 square meters. 4 . Swimming / place Pemberokan This place is cleaning the fish before it is marketed 2 . Equipment Tools commonly used in tilapia fish hatchery operations include: netting , Waring ( Aspect ) , hapa ( box of nets / netting to accommodate temporary or seed parent ) , seser , buckets , basins of various sizes , weights a small scale ( grams ) and large ( Kg ) , hoes , sickles , knives and plates Secchi ( Secchi disc) to measure levels of turbidity . While other equipment used to harvest / catch fish such as tilapia are warring / scoopnet smooth , panglembangan diameter of 100 cm sieve , sieve penandean 5 cm in diameter , where save the fish , kemplung cage , cage kupyak , fish bus ( for transporting fish at close range ) , kekaban ( for the placing of eggs which is attached ) , hapa tricote fabric ( for hatching eggs is controlled ) or sometimes to catch the seeds , sieve penyabetan of aluminum / bamboo , oblok / delok ( for transport of seed ) , sirib ( to catch the seed size of 10 cm or more) , Aspect / hanco ( for catch fish ) , lambit from nylon nets ( to catch fish consumption) , scoopnet ( to catch fish aged one week or more) , seser ( point = scoopnet , but it was bigger ) , rectangular -shaped nets ( to catch fish or fish holding consumption) . 3 . Media Preparation The meaning of preparation is to prepare the media for the maintenance of fish , especially on drying , fertilizing, etc. . In preparing this maintenance media , which needs to be done is draining the pond for a few days, then do liming to combat pests and wild fish as much as 25-200 grams / square meter, given the accumulation of artificial fertilizers, namely urea and TSP each with dose of 50-700 grams / square meter, can also be added in the form of artificial fertilizer urea and TSP each at a dose of 15 grams and 10 grams / square meter. 2 . Seeding To prepare tilapia fish fries will be maintained, those things need to be considered the maintenance of media preparation , selection and maintenance of broodstock, hatchery and seed requirements , characteristics of superior seeds and stem . 1 . Parent Selection Characteristics superior tilapia seed parent is as follows : 1 . Able to produce seeds in large quantities with high quality . 2 . extremely rapid growth . 3 . Very responsive to artificial food provided. 4 . Resistant to pests , parasites and diseases. 5 . Can live and grow well in relatively poor aquatic environments . 6 . The size of a good parent to be cultivated is 100 grams or more per tail. As for the features to distinguish the male parent and female parent are as follows : 1 . Female a.Terdapat three holes on urogenetial namely : anal , hole -hole expenditures eggs and urine . b.Ujung fin pale reddish color is unclear . c.Warna whiter belly . d.Warna white chins . e.Jika distriping stomach does not produce fluid . 2 . Male a.Pada urogenetial tools have two holes , namely: the anus and the hole -hole double sperm urine . b.Ujung fins bright reddish color and clear. c.Warna stomach more dark / blackish . d.Warna chin blackish and reddish . distriping stomach e.Jika discharge . 2 . Seeding System tilapia fish nurseries can be done by three ways: 1 . a pond system In this system the spawning pond / hatchery pond together with the maintenance of children. After the preparation of media for nurseries, scatter male to female ratio of 1:2 or 1:4 with the number density of 2 pasang/10 square meters. Pamanenan done every two weeks. 2 . two- pool system In these systems the process of spawning and nursery done in a separate pool , with a comparison of the spawning area with swimming pool nursery is 1:2 or 1:4 . Basis of the pond should be lower than other pond so that sufficient water flow flowing from spawning pond to pond . At the second door is mounted pool coarse sieve so that only children are able to fish passed. The number and density of male to female who distributed the same as a single pool system . 3 . System platform In this system the pool is divided into four parts, the first pond as a place of male to female or a place to meet spawning. Pool The second place where the female parent or krei lattice partitioned by bamboo with holes the size of the body so that only the female parent female parent who may qualify for this second pool . The third pool is the release of larvae takes place and temapat The fourth is where the nursery . Preparation of media and released the same amount that the parent with the first system . 3 . Breeding tilapia fish spawning and hatching took place throughout the year on the spawning pond and does not require any particular spawning environment . It needs to be done is the preparation of media such as pengerikan maintenance liming and fertilizing . Water levels in ponds maintained approximately 50 cm . To increase productivity and fertility rates , the extra food given to the composition as follows : fish meal 25 % , 10 % copra meal and fine bran at 65 % . Composition of rations used in the cultivation of tilapia fish commercially. Can also be provided with food in the form of pellets that the protein content within 20-30 % with a heavy dose of 2-3 % of the population per day , given as much as two times per day that is in the morning and afternoon . Spawning will occur after the male parent to make a nest hole in the form of depressions in the bottom of a pond with a diameter of about 10-35 cm . Once spawning is finished making the nest , immediately place the spawning process . After the fertilization process is completed , then the result of breeder eggs were collected immediately by the female parent in his mouth for incubated until hatching. At that time the female parent does not actively eating so it looks like his body thin. Eggs will hatch after 3-5 days at water temperatures around 25-27 ° C. After about two weeks after hatching , the female parent only release the children, because it has been able to find their own food . 4 . Seed Maintenance Separating or maintenance of tilapia fry after spawning the eggs hatch. This activity is carried out on the pond who is ready to receive children in which the pond dried fish in advance and cleared of wild fish . given pool of lime and fertilized as required . Similarly, feeding for breeding diseuaikan with provisions . Number of stocking in the pond depends on the size of fish seed . Seeds 1-3 cm fish size , number penebarannya about 30-50 animals per square meter , the size range 3-5 cm total penebarannya 50-10 animals per square meter. While the size of 5-8 cm juveniles penebarannya number 2-5 animals per square meter. For seed size was 5-8 cm , monoseks culture should be performed , because the size of these fish can be distinguished which are male or female gender . 3 . Magnification Maintenance Maintenance of enlargement can be done in polyculture and monoculture . 1 . Polyculture 1 . tilapia fish 50 % , 20 % tawes fish , and carp 30 % , or 2 . 50 % of fish tilapia , carp and common carp 20 %, 30 % . 2 . Monoculture Maintenance of this system is the best maintenance compared with the polyculture and the system is the separation between the parent male and female . tilapia fish enlargement can also be done in floating net in the form of hapa size 1 x 2 m to 2 x 3 m with a depth of 75-100 cm . hapa size can be adjusted with the depth of the pond. Besides being diberokan fields can be used also for the maintenance of breeder seeds and tilapia fish . Before use rice terraces first deepened in order to retain water as deep as 50-60 cm , is made from 1 to 1.5 m wide trench with a depth of 60-75 cm . 1 . Fertilization pond fertilization aimed at increasing productivity and swimming , that is by stimulating the growth of natural foods as much as possible . Fertilizers commonly used are animal manure or green manure with a dose of 50-700 g / m² 2 . Feeding If the level of productivity and fertility of the pond was on the wane , then it could be given additional food with the following composition : 25 % fish meal , copra meal and rice bran 10 % 65% smooth . Composition of rations used in the cultivation of fish commercially munjair . Can also be provided with food in the form of pellets that protein content within 20-30 % with doses of 2-3 % by weight of population per day , given twice a day ie morning and evening. Besides, the feed conditions in these waters in accordance with the dose or regulations. That is in addition to the feed of the basic media also need to be given additional food in the form of pellets or crumbs crushed with heavy doses of 10 % of the population per day . Administered 2-3 times / day. 3 . Pond Maintenance / Pond In terms of maintenance of tilapia fish that should not be overlooked is the condition of waters in order to maintain adequate water quality is stable and clean and not contaminated / poisoned by toxic substances . 7 . Pests and diseases 1 . Pest 1 . Bebeasan ( Notonecta ) Harmful to the seeds because of the sting . Control : poured kerosene into water's surface cc/100 500 square meters. 2 . Ucrit ( Larvae cybister ) Clamp body with its tusks to tear the fish . Control : hard to be eradicated ; avoid piling organic materials around the pool . 3 . Frog Eating fish eggs . Control : often discard eggs that float ; menagkap and dispose of it alive. 4 . Snake Attacking seeds and small fish. Control : do arrest ; pool fencing . 5 . Lingsang Eat fish at night. Control : berumpun trap pairs . 6 . Bird Ate light -colored seeds such as red , yellow . Control : given a bamboo barrier so hard to pounce ; given the tassel or cord barrier . 2 . Disease In general, things can be done to prevent diseases and pests in tilapia fish farming : 1 . Draining the pond on a regular basis after each harvest . 2 . Maintenance of fish that are truly free of disease. 3 . Avoid over- stocking of fish exceeds the capacity . 4 . The ideal water intake system is parallel , each pool were given one door water intake . 5 . The food is adequate , both in quality and quantity. 6 . Handling of seeds at harvest or removal should be done carefully and correctly . 7 . Animals such as birds , snails , fish -thousand ( lebistus reticulatus Peters ) as carriers of disease should not be allowed into the area perkolaman . 8 . HARVEST tilapia fish harvesting can be done in a way : the total harvest and harvest some of it. 1 . partial or selective harvest harvest selective harvesting done without draining the pond, the fish will be harvested is selected with a certain size (for the harvesting of seed ) . The size of the seed will be harvested (age 1 to 1.5 months ) depending on consumer demand , are generally classified as to size : 1-3 cm, 3-5 cm and 5-8 cm . Harvesting is done by using a Waring has been sprinkled upon which the bait ( bran ) . Fish that are not selected (usually injured in a net ) , before being returned to the pool should be separated and given a drug with a solution of Malachite green 0,5-1,0 ppm for 1 hour. 2 . total harvest total harvest is generally made to capture / harvest fish from the enlargement . Generally, the harvested tilapia fish age ranged from 5 months with a weight ranging between 30-45 grams / fish . total harvest was done by draining the pond , to a height of 10-20 cm of water to live . harvesting quadrats / plot arrests made 1 m square area in front of the expenditure ( monnik ) , so it is easy fishing . Harvesting the morning when things do not heat by using a Waring or scoopnet smooth. harvesting done quickly and carefully to avoid injury of the fish. 9 . Postharvest tilapia fish handling can be done by the handling of live fish and fresh fish. 1 . Handling of live fish Sometimes these fish will be more expensive when sold in a live situation . It is worth noting that these fish to consumers in live, fresh and healthy , among others : 1 . In the transport of water use low temperature around 20 degrees C. 2 . Transportation time should be in the morning or evening. 3 . Total fish density in the transport equipment not too dense . 2 . Handling of fresh fish mas fresh fish is a product that quickly descended quality. Things to look for ways to conserve include: 1 . The arrest must be done carefully so the fish are not injured . 2 . Before packaging, the fish should be washed to clean and mucus . 3 . Containers must be clean and enclosed carriers . To transport a short distance ( 2 hours drive ) , can be used in baskets lined with banana leaves or plastic . For long-distance transportation of used boxes and corrugated iron or fiberglass . The maximum box capacity of 50 kg with a maximum of 50 cm high box . 4 . Fish placed in containers that are iced with a temperature of 6-7 degrees C. Use the form of ice into small pieces ( ice detached ) with a ratio of ice and fish = 1:1 . Basic box 4-5 cm -thick ice coated . Then the fish are prepared on the ice was 50-10 cm thick , then a layer of ice again and so on . Between fish given a box with walls of ice , as well as between fish by closing the box. While the things that need to be considered in pananganan seeds are as follows : 1 . Seeds should be selected healthy fish that is free from diseases , parasites and not disabled. After that , a new fish seed is inserted into a plastic bag ( closed system ) or cages ( open systems ) . 2 . Water transport media used must be clean , healthy, free of pests and diseases and other organic materials . For example you can use well water that has been aerated overnight . 3 . Before the fish fry must diberok transported for a few days earlier . Use the form Pemberokan tub containing water and with good aeration . Bak Pemberokan can be made with size 1 mx 1 mx 0.5 m or 2 m. With these measures , like Pemberokan can accommodate a number of 5000-6000 seeds goldfish tail with 3-5 cm in size . The number of seeds in Pemberokan be adjusted by the size of the seed. 4 . By the duration / distance of deliveries, the seed transport system is divided into two parts, namely : 1 . Open systems Made to transport the seeds in close proximity or do not require a long time. Transporter in the form of cages . Every cages can be filled 15 liters of clean water and be able to carry about 5000 fry 3-5 cm in size . 2 . Closed system Performed for long-distance transport of seeds may take more than 4-5 hours , using a plastic bag . Volume of media transportation consists of five liters of clean water a given buffer Na2 ( hpo ) 4.1H2O as much as nine grams. Packaging method that transported fish with a plastic bag : 1 . enter the clean water into a plastic bag and then the seed ; 2 . remove the air by pressing the plastic bag into the water ; 3 . circulate oxygen from the tube poured into plastic bags as much as two thirds the total volume of voids (air : oxygen = 1:1 ) ; 4 . plastic bags and tied . 5 . plastic bag inserted into dos with longitudinal position or put to sleep. Dos with the length 0.50 m , width 0.35 m , 0.50 m high and can be filled two plastic bags . Some things to note after the seeds until their destination is as follows : 1 . Prepare a solution of 25 ppm of tetracycline in the basin ( one capsule tertasiklin in 10 liters of clean water) . 2 . Open the plastic bag , add water from the local swimming very slowly to changes in water temperature in a plastic bag occurred slowly . 3 . Transfer the fish to a basin containing a solution of tetracycline for 1-2 minutes. 4 . Enter the fish fry into the tub Pemberokan . In the bathtub Pemberokan fish fed sufficiently. In addition, treatment with tetracycline is 25 ppm for three consecutive days . Besides tetrsikli can also use other drugs such as KMnO4 as much as 20 ppm or as much as 4 % formalin for 3-5 minutes. 5 . After one week of quarantine , seeding cultivation of fish in the pond .